www.varensca.com On the Variation of the Energy Scale 2nd Jul 2024

 

There is no Dark Matter; Dark Matter does not exist


 

 

The Dark Matter scenario


 
In astronomy there are serious problems in explaining a number of astronomical observations including
  • the flat rotation curves of galaxies
  • the high velocities of galaxies in clusters
  • the gravitational lensing effects of clusters of galaxies
  • the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background

Over the years many explanations have been put forward including
  • the existence of dark matter
  • changes to Newton's law of gravity and Einstein's general relativity
  • changes to some constants of physics

The explanation most widely accepted by the scientific community is that some form of dark matter must exist. But dark matter has its own problems including
  • it must be at least five times more abundant than ordinary matter
  • no dark matter particle has ever been detected in any physical experiment

The current approaches to solving the astronomical problems include
  • very expensive experiments to detect dark matter, both on the ground and in space
  • new physical theories introducing esoteric particles
  • changes to the working of gravity through some very complex mathematics
It is presumed these are difficult problems that will take new physics and the brightest minds to solve.
 
And yet there exists a really simple explanation that requires
  • no dark matter
  • no new particles
  • no changes to Newton's or Einstein's theories of gravity
  • no changes to any of the constants of physics
  • no complicated mathematics

 

 

The Conjecture


 

The energy scale can vary from location to location


 

 

"Welcome to the Museum of Dark Matter"   -   The Book


 
 
We have put together a book, aimed at the non-technical reader, that explains in much greater detail how the conjecture above works. The book covers all the astronomical observations where there is a missing matter problem and where the current solution is to postulate the existence of large amounts of dark matter.
 
The book looks at the physical scales and what it means if any of them varies. It then goes on to give detailed explanations of how the conjecture above eliminates the need for dark matter from all astronomical observations.
 
Opposite is a photograph of the Museum of Dark Matter. There's nothing there, and that's the point, because dark matter does not exist.
 
You can access the "Welcome to the Museum of Dark Matter" book at the following link:   Museum_of_Dark_Matter.pdf 		  Museum of Dark Matter  

 

 

On the Variation of the Energy Scale

an alternative to dark matter


 
  Energy Scale Variation  

The energy scale can vary from location to location


We introduce the idea that the energy scale can vary from location to location. As mass is a form of energy this means that the central mass of a galaxy behaves as if it has a different mass to objects at different locations in the galaxy.
 
We can consider a galaxy as a disk with a Gaussian-shaped density distribution; peaked at the centre and falling off towards the edges. This is illustrated in the top part of the diagram opposite.
 
If the galaxy is embedded in a Gaussian-shaped energy scale variation (bottom part of the diagram) then outer regions behave as if the central mass is much larger than is actually the case. This causes the stars to revolve with much larger velocities.
 
The ratio of the heights of the Gaussian at the galaxy centre and a star's location is the factor by which the central mass is increased.
 
This simple idea is all that is needed to explain the flat rotation curves of galaxies and the high velocities of galaxies in clusters. 		 

 

 

Galaxy Rotation Curves


 
  We can apply the idea of variations in the energy scale to the rotation curves of spiral galaxies.
 
The figure opposite shows the rotation curve for spiral galaxy NGC 3198. The blue diamonds are the observations and reveal the almost flat-like nature of the curve in the outer regions of the galaxy.
 
The dashed green line is the curve for Newtonian gravity. It shows that the rotational velocity should decrease with distance from the galaxy centre. It is the discrepancy between the observed and expected velocities that has led to the belief that some form of dark matter must exist.
 
The solid red line through the data points is the curve obtained by assuming a simple Gaussian energy scale variation and a simple Gaussian density distribution for the galaxy.
 
The solid line assumes no dark matter and no changes to Newtonian gravity. Simply a variation in the energy scale. 		  NGC 3198  

 

 

Galaxy Rotation Curves derived from Observations


 
  So far we have guessed the mass distribution (a Gaussian) and assumed the shape of the energy scale variation (another Gaussian). If we know the mass distribution of a galaxy and we have derived the shape of the energy scale variation then we can generate the rotation curve without having to guess at all.
 
The SPARC catalogue of galaxies provides the observed mass distribution and an analysis of the data shows the energy scale variation is a simple power law of the radial distance.
 
The figure opposite shows the new rotation curve for spiral galaxy NGC 3198 based on SPARC catalogue data. The blue diamonds are the observations. The dashed green line is the expected curve for Newtonian gravity and the observed mass distribution.
 
The solid red line through the data points is the curve obtained by applying a power law for the energy scale variation to the actual mass distribution in the SPARC catalogue.
 
Again the solid line assumes no dark matter and no changes to Newtonian gravity. Simply a variation in the energy scale. This work is described in paper JoKe22, see below. 		  NGC 3198  

 

 

Explaining the Observations


Dark Matter is invoked to explain a number of different astronomical observations. We must be able to explain the same observations using energy scale variations. How energy scale variations explain these observations are summarised here.
 
  • Galaxy rotation curves   The rotation curves of spiral galaxies are flat and do not show the expected fall off with distance. Paper JoKe22 analyses the SPARC catalog of disk galaxies and discovers a linear relationship that explains the rotation curves. Papers JoKe23, JoKe24 and JoKe25 apply the analysis to a further 141 galaxies.
     
  • Clusters of Galaxies   The velocities of galaxies in clusters of galaxies are very large and the clusters should have dispersed billions of years ago. Paper JoKe30 analyses new data for galaxy clusters and arrives at the same linear relationship found for disk galaxies (JoKe22). This is a significant result.
     
  • Collisions of Galaxy Clusters   The famous 'Bullet Cluster' collision of two galaxy clusters is taken as firm proof of dark matter. Paper JoKe5 shows how energy scale variations explain the observations without the need for any dark matter.
     
  • Gravitional Lensing   Many clusters of galaxies have arcs of light that are the distorted images of remote galaxies formed by gravitational lensing. Paper JoKe7 shows how energy scale variations enhance the effective gravitational mass of cluster and so give rise to gravitational lensing effects in exactly the same way as dark matter.
     
  • Cosmic Microwave Background   Paper JoKe8 explains how energy scale variations would have created gravitional wells in the early Universe. These would have given rise to the primordial density perturbations and the baryonic acoustic oscillations. For the cosmic microwave background the observed fluctuations would have come from the perturbations and the peaks in the power spectrum from the oscillations.
     
  • Physical Cosmology   Papers: JoKe12 Cosmology; JoKe13 Inflation; Joke14 Structure Formation; JoKe17 Friedmann equation, look at how energy scale variations help to explain different aspects of physical cosmology
     
  • Radial Acceleration in Galaxies   Paper JoKe9 explains how energy scale variations can account for the observed relation in spinning galaxies between the radial acceleration and the mass distribution.
     

 

 

Predictions and Tests


Of course we need to make sure we don't fall into HL Mencken's trap:
  "for every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong".
So we must come up with some predictions and tests.
 
  • Prediction 1   No dark matter particles will ever be found on Earth, in space, or in particle accelerators. No objects made of dark matter will ever be observed.
     
  • Prediction 2   Dark matter will not be required to explain any local phenomena. No dark matter will be needed to explain phenomena in the centres of galaxies, nor in the motions of stars in the solar neighbourhood, nor for anything within the solar system.
     
  • Prediction 3   In collisions between clusters of galaxies the dark matter hypothesis suggests the clusters will remain intact, whereas the hypothesis of energy scale variations suggests the clusters should disperse.
     
  • Prediction 4   For pairs of galaxies orbiting one another, an energy scale variation will be required to explain the rotation curves, but no additional mass (or dark matter) will be required to explain the orbital characteristics.
     
  • Test 1   In clusters of galaxies energy scale variations will be sufficient to explain the mass distribution as derived from galaxy velocities, X-ray emissions from hot gas, and gravitational lensing.
     
Paper JoKe21.pdf (see below) contains a list of 12 predictions and tests that can be used to support or falsify the existence of energy scale variations.

 

 

Scientific Papers


Thirty-four scientific papers have been written that present the ideas behind variations of the energy scale. The papers have not been submitted to any peer-reviewed journals because of problems in doing so anonymously. The papers are presented here as PDF files where they are available for anyone to read. The content is somewhat mathematical but there is nothing beyond what would be expected of first year university students. Dark Energy is covered in paper JoKe12.pdf below.

JoKe34.pdf   (Jul 2024)   34: A Note on Galaxy Rotation Curves from Weak Lensing Data   We show that ou conjecture is consistent with new data on rotation curves based on weak gravitational lensing.
 
JoKe33.pdf   (May 2024)   33: A Note on Hubble's Law   We show that a non-isotropic non-homogeneous Universe shows a linear relationship between distance and velocity.
 
JoKe32.pdf   (May 2024)   32: A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter in Physical Cosmology   We explain that neither dark matter nor dark energy are needed for physical cosmology, covering expansion of the Universe, acoustic peaks of the cosmic microwave background, accelerating expansion, Hubble tension.
 
JoKe31.pdf   (Sep 2023)   31: A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter   We guess that the dynamical mass is a weighted sum of the baryonic mass and uncover a linear relationship.
 
JoKe30.pdf   (Aug 2023)   30: Disk Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters   The linear relationship found for disk galaxies (JoKe22) is also found to hold for galaxy clusters.
 
JoKe29.pdf   (Aug 2023)   29: Towards a theory of energy scale variations.   A look at various topics that must apply to energy scale variations: potential theory; Gauss' Law; Poisson's Equation.
 
JoKe28.pdf   (Aug 2023; in preparation)   28: Binary galaxies Disk galaxies orbiting one another should provide a test of energy scale variations. The individual rotation curves require dark matter, but the orbital motions do not.
 
JoKe27.pdf   (Dec 2020; original Jul 2020)   27: Variation of the energy scale: an alternative to dark matter.   A consolidation of all the work on variations of the energy scale from JoKe1 to JoKe26.
 
JoKe26.pdf   (Jun 2019)   26: Cosmology with no dark matter.   Explains how the conjecture of energy scale variations can reproduce the major results of cosmology without requiring the existence of dark matter.
 
JoKe25.pdf   (Jan 2019)   25: SPARC catalogue rotation curves: UGC galaxies.   Plots of the observed and predicted rotation curves for 73 UGC galaxies in the SPARC catalogue. These are in addition to the 64 (mainly NGC) galaxies presented in JoKe23.
 
JoKe24.pdf   (Jan 2019)   24: Rotation curves for gas-dominated dwarf galaxies.   This extends the work of JoKe22 to four galaxies that are dominated by gas rather than by stars.
 
JoKe23.pdf   (Jan 2019)   23: SPARC galaxy rotation curves.   Plots of the observed and predicted rotation curves for the 64 SPARC galaxies used in JoKe22; these are mainly NGC galaxies.
 
JoKe22.pdf   (Nov 2020; original Jan 2019)   22: An analysis of SPARC galaxies.   An analysis of the observed mass distribution and observed rotation velocity of disk galaxies in the SPARC catalogue.
 
JoKe21.pdf   (May 2019)   21: Predictions and Tests.   12 Predictions and Tests that follow from the conjecture, and that can be used to falsify or support the conjecture.
 
JoKe20.pdf   (Sep 2018)   20: Miscellaneous topics.   Topics too small to warrant their own paper.
 
JoKe19.pdf   (Sep 2018)   19: The gravitational potential revisited.   This revisits JoKe11 and extends the work on the gravitational potential.
 
JoKe18.pdf   (May 2018)   18: Rotation Curves and Lagrangian Mechanics.   This puts energy scale variations on a firmer theoretical footing by showing how the rotation speed of spiral galaxies can be derived using Lagrangian mechanics.
 
JoKe17.pdf   (May 2018)   17: The Friedmann Equation and the Cosmic Microwave Background.   How energy scale variations replace dark matter in the Friedmann Equation of cosmology. How energy scale variations replace dark matter in explaining critical details of the cosmic microwave background.
 
JoKe16.pdf   (May 2018)   16: Hoag's object; ring galaxies; shell galaxies   Some simple calculations are carried out to see what happens to a disk galaxy if changes are made to the underlying energy scale variation. It turns out that rings are created in almost every case. Some of the simulations look just like Hoag's object, a well-known ring galaxy whose formation is currently not understood.
 
JoKe15.pdf   (Feb 2018)   15: Galaxy Interactions revisited   This carries out some simple numerical simulations of near-miss fly-bys of two rotating disk galaxies. The broad characteristics of observed interactions are reproduced including the creation of tidal tails. Again no dark matter is required.
 
JoKe14.pdf   (Feb 2018)   14: Structure Formation   This looks at how energy scale variations assist the formation of structures (voids, galaxy clusters, galaxies) in the early Universe without the need for any dark matter. Simple numerical simulations show how this can occur.
 
JoKe13.pdf   (May 2017)   13: Inflation   This follows the work of JoKe12 and shows that energy scale variations naturally give rise to a period of power-law acceleration during the radiation-dominated early Universe - a period usually referred to as 'Inflation'.
 
JoKe12.pdf   (Apr 2017)   12: Cosmology   This looks at the basic equations of cosmology and how they can be modified for energy scale variations. It is shown that energy scale variations can explain a flat matter-only Universe that is accelerating; there is no need for dark energy or a cosmological constant.
 
JoKe11.pdf   (Nov 2016)   11: Gravitational potential   This looks for behaviour of gravitational potential and related quantities for galaxies that exist within an energy scale variation. These characteristics should help to throw light on the nature of energy scale variations.
 
JoKe10.pdf   (Oct 2016)   10: Observed Properties   This looks for relationships between the energy scale variation and galaxy parameters. There are clear indications of correlations with galaxy mass.
 
JoKe9.pdf   (Oct 2016)   9: Radial Accleration in Spiral Galaxies   This shows how energy scale variations can account for the relation between the observed radial acceleration and the observed distribution of normal matter in spiral galaxies.
 
JoKe8.pdf   (Sep 2016)   8: Primordial Density Perturbations   This looks at how energy scale variations can account for the primordial density perturbations and the baryonic acoustic oscillations that are imprinted on the cosmic microwave background. The perturbations give rise to the fluctuations and the oscillations give rise to the peaks in the power spectrum.
 
JoKe7.pdf   (Oct 2016)   7: Gravitational Lensing   This looks at how energy scale variations can explain gravitational lensing, including the luminous arcs of remote galaxies produced by intervening clusters of galaxies.
 
JoKe6.pdf   (Aug 2016)   6: Galaxy Interactions   This looks at near miss collisions between individual galaxies. The tidal forces are different and offer another means of testing the hypothesis of dark matter against the hypothesis of energy scale variations.
 
JoKe5.pdf   (Dec 2015)   5: Collisions between Clusters of Galaxies   This looks at the collisions between clusters of galaxies as a means of testing the hypothesis of dark matter against the hypothesis of energy scale variations.
 
JoKe4.pdf   (Nov 2015)   4: Clusters of Galaxies   This applies the idea of energy scale variations to clusters of galaxies. The cluster is modelled as a sphere with a Gaussian density distribution embedded in a Gaussian energy scale variation. The model predicts that individual galaxy members should have the high velocities observed in actual clusters of galaxies.
 
JoKe3.pdf   (Nov 2015)   3: Parameters for Galaxy Rotation Curves   This takes the model of Paper 2 and applies it to a large sample of 74 spiral galaxies. The rotation curves for all 74 galaxies are shown and good fits are obtained in all but a few cases.
 
JoKe2.pdf   (Nov 2015)   2: Galaxy Rotation Curves   This improves on the model by replacing the galaxy point mass with a Gaussian density distribution. Much better fits are obtained for the six spiral galaxies.
 
JoKe1.pdf   (Sep 2015)   1: An Alternative to Dark Matter   This introduces and explains variations in the energy scale. It uses a simple model of a Gaussian energy scale variation and a point mass galaxy to demonstrate how the theory can fit the observed rotation curves of six spiral galaxies.
 

 
www.varensca.com On the Variation of the Energy Scale 2nd Jul 2024